Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. The identities of the specific 19 loci that define the STR haplotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S3 and Figure 4 legend. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. Google Scholar. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. ), International Society of Genetic Genealogy, List of genetic results derived from historical figures, Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa, "Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus", Atlas of the Human Journey: Haplogroup G (M201), "The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups", "Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia", "Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans", "Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination", "Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities", "From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm", "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau", "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", "Y Chromosomal Evidence for a Limited Greek Contribution to the Pathan Population of Pakistan", "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists", "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", "Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common Ground for Hunter-Gatherer and Farmer Y-Chromosomes", "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup", "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan", "Chromosome Diversity Characterizes the Gulf of Oman", "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East", "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", "Geographical Structure of the Y-Chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A Coastal-Inland Contrast", "The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape", "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", "Kinship and Y-Chromosome Analysis of 7th Century Human Remains: Novel DNA Extraction and Typing Procedure for Ancient Material", "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", http://ytree.ftdna.com/index.php?name=Draft&parent=20173662, "..Project Rosters - Haplogroup G Project", "Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood", "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events", "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations", "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", http://ymap.ftdna.com/cgi-bin/gbrowse_details/hs_chrY?name=L240;class=Sequence;ref=ChrY;start=3191153;end=3191153;feature_id=40369, "Improved Resolution Haplogroup G Phylogeny in the Y Chromosome, Revealed by a Set of Newly Characterized SNPs", "Identification of the remains of King Richard III", https://haplogroup.info/all-ancient-dna-full.xlsx, "Results from the Hamman Family Y-Chromosome DNA Tests", "Haplogroup G2a (Y-chromosomal DNA) - Eupedia", Y-DNA Haplogroup G and its subclades from the current year ISOGG haplotree. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. Origin. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 97889791. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at Stanford University and was first reported in 2001. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F et al. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R et al. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". Internet Explorer). The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. [7], (Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by ISOGG In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). [5] Cinnioglu et al. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. This group has been linked with the Crypto-Jewish population which fled to the island during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13). Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. It is provided at the request of readers. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. In Egypt, studies have provided information that pegs the G percentage there to be between 2% and 9%. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Peter A Underhill. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. and JavaScript. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. New insights into the Tyrolean Icemans origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. G2a2b2a is also found in India. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subclades in a single country is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G.