Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. Iasiello, M., Bartholomaeus, J., Jarden, A., & Kelly, G. (2017). B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. National Survey of Counseling Center Directors 2008 [Internet]. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of depression, coping skills, and quality of life and their correlates among a sample of Jordanian adults aged 18 years during the COVID-19 lockdown implemented in Jordan. Fourteen conceptually differentiable coping strategies are measured by the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997): active coping, planning, using emotional support, using instrumental support, venting, positive reframing, acceptance, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, self-distraction, substance use, and behavioral disengagement. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). FOIA Cleveland, Priscilla Rose Prasath, Peter C. Mather, Christine Suniti Bhat, Justine K. James. The results also showed that the youngest students had the lowest coping skills. An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. Thus, there is potential for counselors to develop well-being promotion initiatives for students on university campuses targeting PsyCap and its constituting positive psychological HERO resources with the end goal of strengthening well-being (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2015; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. Additionally, each pillar of PERMA has been shown to be positively associated with physical health, optimal well-being, and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depression, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, loneliness, and negative emotion (Butler & Kern, 2016). The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. Research Question 2 Following the biopsychosocial model of health, the goal of the current study was to predict peoples psychological well-being (PWB) during the initial lockdown phase of the pandemic and to investigate which coping strategies were most common among people with low and high In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking Simon & Schuster. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382. The majority of the participants were full time students (82%, n = 498) compared to part-time students (18%, n = 111). In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which radically changed students' daily functioning. You may have returned home, where youre missing friends and finding studying difficult. Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. A sudden and far-reaching change in daily functioning caused anxiety, depression, and stress in this group. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. doi: 10.2196/22817. Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. L = Loneliness. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541572. Basic self-care will keep your immune system strong and your emotional reserves full. Fig 1. Peter C. Mather, PhD, is a professor and department chair at Ohio University. Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. Psychol. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. Alsolais A, Alquwez N, Alotaibi KA, Alqarni AS, Almalki M, Alsolami F, Almazan J, Cruz JP. Routledge Academic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Thus, efficient interventions that are not likely to trigger stigma responses are helpful in this context. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467487. Adaptive coping strategies were also conducive to well-being. The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be government site. Brief COPE Questionnaire Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. 405415). Avey, J. As a result, they had to adopt different coping strategies to overcome the predicament that they were trapped in. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. (2020, April 14). Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). Make sure to validate their emotions, letting them know their feelings and frustrations are understandable. On the other hand, self-blame and behavioral disengagement were two problematic coping strategies that mediated the relationship between optimism and all PERMA elements. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. Guided imagery can also be a useful and effective tool to help stressed students cope with academic, social, and other stressors. University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. Find activities that engage different parts of yourself. Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2015). Fifty-four percent of the participants were undergraduate students (n = 326), and the remaining 46% were graduate students (n = 283). WebCOVID-19 pandemic made a sudden shift of all ages to online learning and distance learning instructions. The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352, Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Implications and recommendations for psychoeducation and counseling interventions to promote PsyCap and adaptive coping strategies in university students are presented. You made the JV team in 10th grade, later played in college, and still think of Callahan every time you succeed at work. McGonigal, J. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. Wiley. In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/04/mental-health-coronavirus, Witters, D., & Harter, J. Correspondence may be addressed to Priscilla Rose Prasath, 501 W. Cesar E. Chavez Boulevard, Durango Building, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, priscilla.prasath@utsa.edu. Psychol. Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. University Students and Mental Health Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). Hearing about the pandemic can be upsetting. Coping Strategies as a Mediator Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. Given the current realities of physical distancing, there are fewer opportunities for traditional-age university students attending primarily residential campuses to maintain social connections, resulting in social fragmentation and isolation. SuperBetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. They could also be adapted to provide services online. Limitations and Directions for Future Research. J Ment Health. * p < .05, ** p < .01. During the pandemic, optimism, hope, and resiliency have been significant predictors of well-being. Frequent breaks can help you re-engage in your work. This instrument is used widely in studies with university students (e.g., Madhyastha et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2008). Seligmans (2011) PERMA model is one of the most highly regarded models of well-being. Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. Thus, in general, internal consistency reliability coefficients tend to be relatively smaller ( = .5 to .9). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). (1993). Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. A brief questionnaire was used to capture participant information. Bookshelf Find new ways to celebrate. E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Other coping strategies, such as denial, self-blame, distraction, and substance use, are more often associated with negative emotions, such as shame, guilt, lower perception of self-efficacy, and psychological distress, rather than making efforts to remediate them (Billings & Moos, 1984). (2015). American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x Michaels, P. J., Corrigan, P. W., Kanodia, N., Buchholz, B., & Abelson, S. (2015). I UI Undergraduate (n = 142), II UII Undergraduate (n = 100), III UIII Undergraduate (n = 104), I GI Graduate (n = 66), II GII Graduate (n = 70), I-III MI-III uniform Masters studies (n = 64), IV-V MIV-V uniform Masters studies (n = 31). In this context, it could be useful to understand issues that people find most concerning and ways in which they cope with stress. WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355217702136. Specifically, adaptive coping strategies played a significant role in enhancing the positive effects of PsyCap on well-being. These patterns are primarily driven by those with more negative experiences of the pandemic. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). The first pillar, positive emotion (P), is the affective component comprising the feelings of joy, hope, pleasure, rapture, happiness, and contentment. WebAlly parents are parents of trans* and nonbinary youth across the country who volunteer their time to support young people who may lack or not yet have parental support. Gallagher RP. Get enough sleep. (2017). COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(2), 191199. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that PsyCap predicted well-being, and structural equation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of coping strategies between PsyCap and well-being. Students practiced their emerging skills in simulated emergency scenarios. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 148. Am J Orthopsychiatry. Research has demonstrated that this exacerbates existing mental health concerns among university students (Klussman et al., 2020). Cleveland, You might have lost funding or your job. Disclaimer. Now is my chance to help others. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Mediator coping strategies. 2023 Jan 20;20(3):1921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031921. Clarifying the relation of acculturative stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms: The role of anxiety sensitivity among Hispanic college students. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Such a decline in well-being following a pandemic is consistent with previous occurrences of public health crises or natural disasters (Deaton, 2012). Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Optimism had a significant indirect effect on change in well-being compared to hope and resilience (see Table 3). Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). The impact of business school students psychological capital on academic performance. You might feel unmotivated now. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Further, PsyCap HERO dimensions were negatively correlated to negative emotion and loneliness. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. A similar application was applied to learning English specifically for midwifery students on Flores Island during the covid-19 pandemic. Ertosun, . G., Erdil, O., Deniz, N., & Alpkan, L. (2015). Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. Cohen, J. -. Coping Strategies Try to get in at least one physical activity each day. And having to stay home can be lonely. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Jensen, S. M. (2012). However, after COVID-19, self-efficacy did not present as a predictor of well-being in this study. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. 2020 Sep 17;22(9):e22817. Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. Personality and coping. After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. A single overall flourishing score provides a global indication of well-being, and at the same time, the domain-specific PERMA scores provide meaningful and practical benefits with regard to the possibility of targeted interventions.